Word from the Smokies: An annual checkup for salamanders
Dr. Matthew Gray (left) and his students enrolled at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville commandeer a picnic table to conduct salamander sampling in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. NPS photo
Pay a visit to Chimneys Picnic Area in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park during the first days of spring, and chances are you’ll hear the cheerful sounds of families enjoying meals together, downy woodpeckers drumming on the bark of deciduous trees and a few small groups of students talking intently amongst themselves as they carefully turn over rocks and leaves.
While many onlookers may think these students are simply milling around after an afternoon picnic, in fact they are taking part in a serious mission to study and help protect salamanders found nowhere else in the world.
Since their long-term study began in 2008, Matthew Gray of the University of Tennessee Knoxville and William Sutton of Tennessee State University, who both hold Ph.Ds, have been bringing groups of students to select areas in the Smokies every year to monitor salamander populations for the common pathogens known as chytrid fungus and ranavirus. Both pathogens are major contributors to the global decline of amphibians.
This year, a new group of students gathers around their professors to get their simple marching orders: find the salamanders and you may find the pathogens. The students disperse, equipped with orange flags, blue rubber glove, and small zippered plastic bags to help them safely capture and release the park’s beloved amphibians. It is not long before they begin to return, carefully bringing their salamanders to the picnic table that has become a makeshift research lab.
Students handle a Blue Ridge spring salamander collected near Chimney Tops, using plastic bags and gloves to avoid harming the creatures with salts and oils found on human hands. NPS photo
“We sample for about 45 minutes and then try to get as many species as possible, which usually is five to 10 species,” said Sutton. As the students arrive, he helps them identify the usual suspects, like the imitator or red-cheeked salamander. Each specimen is gently rinsed with distilled water, identified and moved to a separate processing station to be measured and weighed.
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Although some amphibians with extreme cases of chytrid fungus or ranavirus may seem lethargic or exhibit bloodshot red skin and skin ulcerations, the effects of the pathogens are not always visible to the naked eye. Chytrid fungus grows on dead plants in wet habitats and spreads to amphibians’ skin, inhibiting their inability to breath. Ranavirus is transmitted through contaminated water, physical contact or ingestion of infected tissue.
At the final station, the students collect samples from the salamanders to analyze later in a laboratory. Students remove salamanders from their bags and swab their skin, which is where chytrid fungus grows. Next, they apply a small amount of pressure to each salamander’s tail, removing a small tip to be tested for ranavirus, which attacks internal organs and can be detected in blood or tissue.
“We do not know that they are infected when we are processing them, but we take them back to the lab and we use a molecular technique called PCR that identifies the DNA of the pathogen, and we can tell if they are infected or not,” Gray said.
Polymerase Chain Reaction, or PCR, can tell researchers if the salamanders have a low- or high-grade infection. Once the salamanders are documented, the students release each animal back to the exact spot they were captured. The next phase is waiting for lab results.
A student swabs a salamander to collect A student swabs a salamander to collect a sample for future lab testing. NPS photo
Many people have heard the phrase “no news is good news” from their healthcare professionals. Even though the research team’s goal is to perform health assessments to detect the pathogens, they’re encouraged when they fail to find the pathogens in the park. According to Gray, the team’s most recent screenings haven’t turned up much.
But while these sites have been minimally impacted by chytrid fungus and ranavirus, sites near Cades Cove in the park have seen tremendous impacts from diseases in the past.
“They have had recurring die-offs of marbled salamanders and wood frogs associated with ranavirus,” said Gray. “They can be catastrophic with thousands of animals dying in a matter of weeks.”
Human-made chemicals can also kill amphibians or stress their immune systems, leading to higher chances of transmitting pathogens.
“A lot of things that we do to the landscape can stress amphibians,” said Gray. “For example, agricultural pesticides or industrial emissions find their way into the water systems, and amphibians have permeable skin, so they just absorb the chemicals.”
Researchers are also engaging the wildlife-trade industry to ensure that additional pathogens like the chytrid fungus or Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (also known as Bsal) does not make it to the United States. Bsal has only been discovered in Asia and Europe and is fatal to many salamanders.
“If Bsal gets here, we estimate that about 40% of our species could experience declines or go extinct. In the U.S., that could be 80 species of salamanders gone!” said Gray.
So, how would Bsal travel across the pond? Gray says that America is the global leader in the pet amphibian trade, but these cute, colorful amphibians such as Mexico’s axolotl are often not tested for pathogens before they are shipped to America.
“We are trying to promote healthy trade by working with the pet amphibian trade industry to develop standards and a program that certifies amphibians as pathogen-free when you buy them from a pet store,” he said.
Salamanders may be small, but there is a lot to learn from our tiny neighbors, especially when it comes to human health concerns and biomedical research. Do you remember the pit that you felt in your stomach when you read that students were using samples of salamander tails for science? No need to worry. If a salamander has a wound, then the cells around the wound can become anything they want to be, allowing the animal to regenerate its limbs.
A Blue Ridge two-lined salamander scurries beneath leaf litter near Chimney Tops in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. NPS photo
Biomedical researchers hope that salamanders will help them understand more about the regeneration possibilities for humans soon.
“For me, it’s about the experience,” Gray said. “Yes, we are getting good data that the National Park Service is using to monitor the health of their salamander population, but it’s about these young scientists. This is how the students learn — through seeing, touching and experiencing.”
Antoine Fletcher is the science communicator for the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, based at the Appalachian Highlands Science Learning Center. He is often in the field with visiting researchers, creating podcast or videography or leading the park’s African American Experiences in the Smokies project.
